Art Deco is a prominent design style that emerged in the 1920s and flourished until the outbreak of World War II. Characterized by its luxurious materials, geometric forms, and streamlined aesthetic, Art Deco became a symbol of glamour and sophistication during the interwar period. This design movement impacted various visual arts, architecture, fashion, and interior design aspects. This article will delve into the captivating world of Art Deco styles, exploring its origins, key characteristics, influential artists and architects, and its lasting legacy. Origins and Influences Art Deco drew inspiration from various sources, blending elements from different cultures, historical periods, and artistic movements. The style's name derives from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris, where it was first showcased. However, its roots can be traced back to the early 20th century, influenced by the avant-garde art movements of the time, such as Cubism and Fauvism. One of the significant influences on Art Deco was the discovery of King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, which sparked a craze for Egyptian motifs and symbolism. This fascination with ancient Egypt led to incorporation of pyramids, sphinxes, hieroglyphics, and other Egyptian-inspired motifs into Art Deco designs. Additionally, the style's streamlined forms and angular geometry were influenced by the emerging field of industrial design and the aesthetic of machines. Key Characteristics Art Deco is characterized by distinct visual features that make it instantly recognizable. Here are some key characteristics of Art Deco styles: Geometric Shapes: Art Deco embraces geometric shapes, such as zigzags, chevrons, triangles, and stepped forms. These shapes are often used to create dynamic, visually striking compositions. Streamlined Silhouettes: Inspired by the sleek lines of modern technology and transportation, Art Deco features streamlined, aerodynamic silhouettes. These can be seen in the period's buildings, furniture, and even fashion designs. Luxurious Materials: Art Deco celebrates luxury and opulence, employing exotic woods, marble, chrome, glass, and precious metals like gold and silver. These lavish materials contribute to the overall sense of elegance associated with the style. Decorative Elements: Art Deco designs often incorporate elaborate decorative elements, such as sunbursts, stylized floral motifs, and geometric patterns. These decorative details add a touch of sophistication to the overall composition. Bold Colors: Art Deco embraces bold, contrasting colour schemes. Vivid hues like royal blue, emerald green, ruby red, and vibrant yellow are frequently used to create a visually striking impact. Sunburst Motifs: The sunburst motif, symbolizing energy and optimism, is a recurring theme in Art Deco designs. It is often represented as a radiating pattern of geometric lines or a stylized sun. Influential Artists and Architects Numerous artists and architects played significant roles in shaping and popularizing Art Deco styles. Here are a few key figures: Tamara de Lempicka: A prominent Art Deco painter, de Lempicka's works epitomize the style's elegance and glamour. Her portraits often featured fashionable, confident women in luxurious settings. Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann: Ruhlmann was a renowned French furniture designer who created exquisite Art Deco pieces. His furniture designs combined luxurious materials with precise craftsmanship and sleek silhouettes. Erté: A Russian-born artist and designer, Erté was renowned for his extravagant fashion illustrations and costume designs. His work showcased the epitome of Art Deco elegance and sophistication. Raymond Hood: An influential architect, Hood's designs include the iconic Rockefeller Center in New York City. He incorporated Art Deco elements into the skyscraper's design, contributing to the style's popularity in the United States. Clarice Cliff: A British ceramic artist, Cliff revolutionized the pottery industry with her bold and colourful Art Deco designs. Her pottery pieces featured geometric patterns and vibrant glazes. Legacy and Modern Interpretations Although the heyday of Art Deco was in the early 20th century, its influence and appeal continue to resonate in modern design. Art Deco elements can be found in contemporary architecture, interior design, and fashion. In architecture, buildings like the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Napier Municipal Theatre in New Zealand exemplify the enduring impact of Art Deco. These structures continue to captivate audiences with their sleek lines, decorative details, and innovative use of materials. In interior design, Art Deco-inspired furniture and decor remain highly sought after. The style's emphasis on luxury and glamour translates well into modern homes, with its sleek lines and geometric patterns adding a touch of sophistication to any space. Art Deco influences can be seen in the designs of many contemporary fashion houses. The use of bold colours, geometric patterns, and luxurious materials harkens back to the elegance and allure of the Art Deco era. Conclusion Art Deco styles represent a fascinating fusion of elegance and modernity. Emerging in the 1920s, this design movement embraced geometric shapes, luxurious materials, and bold colours. Its influence extended to various artistic fields, leaving an indelible mark on architecture, interior design, fashion, and more. With its timeless appeal, Art Deco continues to captivate audiences and inspire contemporary design. The legacy of this iconic style serves as a testament to its enduring popularity and artistic significance.

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16 Jul 2023

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Pop Art emerged as a vibrant and influential artistic movement in the mid-1950s, challenging traditional notions of art and embracing the popular culture of the time. With its bold imagery, vibrant colors, and incorporation of everyday objects, Pop Art brought art closer to the masses. This article explores the definition, key characteristics, notable artists, and lasting impact of Pop Art on the art world and popular culture. What is Pop Art? Pop Art, short for "popular art," was a movement that emerged in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s. It was a reaction against the dominant abstract expressionist movement, which focused on subjective, introspective, and non-representational art. Pop Art, on the other hand, celebrated the ordinary, the commercial, and the mundane, drawing inspiration from mass-produced consumer goods, advertising, and popular culture. What are the characteristics of Pop Art? Appropriation and Repetition: Pop Art often incorporated images and objects taken from popular culture, such as product packaging, comic books, and celebrities. Artists manipulated and repeated these images to highlight their significance and challenge the concept of originality. Bold Colors and Simplified Forms: Pop artists used vibrant, eye-catching colors to attract attention and evoke a sense of consumerism. They simplified forms and employed graphic techniques, reminiscent of advertising and comic book aesthetics. Irony and Critique: Pop Art often conveyed a sense of irony and critique by juxtaposing disparate elements, subverting traditional art forms, and challenging societal norms. It questioned the boundaries between high and low culture, art and mass production, and the commercialization of society. Leading Artists of the Pop Art Movement Andy Warhol: One of the most iconic figures associated with Pop Art, Warhol employed screen-printing techniques to reproduce everyday objects, such as Campbell's soup cans and Coca-Cola bottles. His work explored themes of consumerism, fame, and the cult of celebrity. Roy Lichtenstein: Lichtenstein is renowned for his comic book-inspired paintings, featuring bold lines, Ben-Day dots, and speech bubbles. By appropriating and enlarging comic strip panels, he elevated popular culture to the realm of high art. Claes Oldenburg: Oldenburg's sculptures took ordinary objects and transformed them into monumental works of art. His oversized sculptures of hamburgers, typewriters, and clothespins challenged the viewer's perception of scale and materiality. Richard Hamilton: Considered the father of British Pop Art, Hamilton explored the relationship between art and technology. His collage-like works incorporated images from advertising, cinema, and popular magazines, reflecting the media-saturated society. Impact and Legacy Pop Art's influence extends far beyond its initial emergence in the 1960s. Its vibrant and accessible style has had a lasting impact on contemporary art, design, fashion, and popular culture. Pop Art paved the way for subsequent art movements such as Neo-Pop, Street Art, and the appropriation art of the 1980s. It blurred the boundaries between high and low art, challenged the traditional notions of artistic value, and emphasized the democratization of art. Concluding Remarks Pop Art revolutionized the art world by breaking away from the abstract and introspective tendencies of the time. It celebrated the everyday, the commercial, and the popular culture, making art more accessible to a wider audience. Through its use of appropriation, bold colors, and irony, Pop Art continues to captivate and inspire, leaving an indelible mark on contemporary art and popular culture.

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01 Jul 2023

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Art is a vast and diverse realm that encompasses a wide range of creative expressions. Within this realm, the concept of "Art Medium" holds a crucial role, serving as the bridge between artistic intent and tangible creation. The medium that an artist chooses to work with can have a significant impact on the style and meaning of the artwork. For example, a painting made with oil paints will have a different look and feel than a painting made with watercolors. In the context of Art attribution "Art Medium" has been used interchangeably to refer both the category of artwork and the materials used to bring forth an artist's vision. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of art medium, exploring its dual significance in the world of art. Art Medium as a Category of Art In its first sense, an art medium represents the various categories or disciplines within the field of art. Each medium possesses distinct characteristics, techniques, and artistic approaches. Let's explore some of the prominent art mediums: Painting: Painting is a traditional and widely recognized medium that employs pigments on surfaces such as canvas, paper, or wood. It encompasses various styles like oil painting, watercolor, acrylics, and mixed media, each offering unique visual qualities and expressive possibilities. Painting, Pop Horizon by Barron Holand Sculpture: Sculpture involves shaping and manipulating materials such as stone, wood, metal, clay, or even found objects. Artists create three-dimensional forms that can range from classical figurative representations to abstract and conceptual installations. Sculpture, S-04 BIG FOOT by Aleks Rosenberg Drawing: Drawing is a fundamental art medium that employs pencils, pens, charcoal, or other tools to create two-dimensional representations. It encompasses techniques like sketching, shading, and hatching, allowing artists to convey ideas, explore compositions, and develop their artistic skills. Drawing, Dancer in Red by NK Hong Photography: Photography born from the marriage of science and art, captures moments through the lens of a camera. It employs light-sensitive materials and digital technologies to immortalize scenes, people, and emotions, providing a unique perspective on the world. Photography, La grève Je T'aime by Gudzovsky Printmaking: Printmaking encompasses various techniques such as etching, lithography, screen printing, and relief printing. Artists create multiple copies of their artworks, each possessing its own subtle variations, by transferring images onto paper or other surfaces. Ceramics: Ceramics involves working with clay, shaping it into objects, and firing them in kilns to achieve hardness and permanence. This ancient medium encompasses functional pottery, decorative vessels, sculptures, and intricate porcelain works. Textiles: Textile art employs fabrics, threads, and fibers to create tactile and visually engaging works. It includes techniques like weaving, embroidery, quilting, and textile installations, exploring themes of culture, identity, and materiality. Installation and Performance Art:: These mediums go beyond traditional forms, embracing immersive experiences and the participation of the audience. Artists use various materials, space, sound, and movement to create site-specific installations or enact performances that challenge the boundaries of art. Digital NFT: Very recently Digital NFT is being regarded as an art medium, and more importantly revolutionising Digital Art representation. Utilizing blockchain technology, NFTs represent unique digital assets, such as artwork, music, or videos, providing a secure and verifiable link between the digital file and ownership rights. Art Medium as Material Used in Art Creation In the alternate context, an art medium refers to the specific materials and tools employed by artists to bring their artistic visions to life. The choice of medium significantly influences the aesthetic outcome and the creative process itself. Artists often use it to describe how they created their artwork, which gives a sense of how it needs to be viewed as well. For e.g. Oil paintings ( referenced as "Oil on Canvas") are best observed from a distance to get a more clearer understanding and the depth of the Art. Again depending on the Category of work there are different materials used to fulfill the Artistic vision of the creator. Here are some examples of art mediums in the context of Material Used Paints: Artists use various types of paints, including oil paints, watercolors, acrylics, and gouache, each with its own characteristics and techniques. These pigments, when combined with binders, allow artists to manipulate color, texture, and opacity on different surfaces. A combination of the paint type and the support used form the Medium used for the artwork, for e.g. Oil on Canvas, Gouache on paper, Acrylic on Linen etc... Drawing Tools: Pencils, pens, charcoal, markers, and pastels are all examples of drawing tools that artists employ. These tools vary in hardness, texture, and line quality, enabling artists to create intricate details or bold, expressive strokes. Sculpting Materials: Sculptors utilize a plethora of materials such as stone, wood, metal, clay, plastic, and even unconventional materials like ice or food. Each material offers its unique qualities, texture, and potential for manipulation. Cameras and Photographic Equipment: With the advent of photography, cameras and photographic equipment became vital art mediums. Film cameras, digital cameras, lenses, lighting equipment, and photo-editing software all contribute to the creation of photographic art. Printmaking Supplies: Printmaking relies on materials like printing plates, inks, brayers, and printing presses. These tools facilitate the transfer of images from the plate to the chosen substrate, resulting in distinct prints with their own visual characteristics. Clay and Kilns: Ceramics artists employ different types of clay, glazes, and firing techniques to shape and fire their creations. The firing process in kilns transforms the raw materials into durable and visually captivating ceramic pieces. Fabrics and Threads: Textile artists utilize a wide range of fabrics, threads, dyes, and surface design techniques to create intricate tapestries, clothing, quilts, or fiber-based sculptures. The choice of fabric and the application of techniques contribute to the overall visual and tactile impact of the artwork. The Importance of Art Medium The medium that an artist chooses to work with can have a significant impact on the style and meaning of the artwork. For example, a painting made with oil paints will have a different look and feel than a painting made with watercolors. The medium can also affect the way that the viewer interacts with the artwork, an example being, a sculpture that is made from metal will feel different to the touch than a sculpture that is made from wood. The art medium is of utmost importance in the representation of art as it influences the aesthetics, technical possibilities, symbolic significance, and cultural context of an artwork. It allows artists to express their vision, engage viewers, and communicate their intended messages effectively. The careful consideration and deliberate selection of the art medium contribute to the overall artistic expression and impact of the artwork.Different art mediums have evolved throughout history and across cultures, reflecting the societal and historical context in which they originated. The selection of a particular medium can evoke associations and references to specific art movements, traditions, or periods. The Future of Art Mediums The art world is constantly evolving, and new art mediums are being developed all the time. For example, digital art is becoming increasingly popular, as artists use computers and other digital tools to create their work. It is impossible to predict what the future holds for art mediums. However, it is likely that new art mediums will continue to be developed, and that artists will continue to experiment with different materials and techniques. It's important to note that the future of art mediums will be shaped by the creativity and experimentation of artists themselves, as they continue to push boundaries, embrace new technologies, and explore innovative approaches to art-making. The possibilities are vast, and the future of art mediums for visual artists holds exciting potential for artistic expression and engagement with audiences. Digital, Augmented and Virtual Realities, Mixed Media, Eco-Friendly Materials, BioArt and Living Materials, all are being explored, included and evolved for Artists to continously push the boundaries of their creative abilities to produce thought provoking artworks. Conclusion In the realm of art, the term "art medium" embraces a dual meaning. It encompasses both the categorization of art forms and the materials employed by artists. The category of art medium reflects the different disciplines and techniques artists employ to create their work, while the material aspect highlights the tangible tools and substances used to manifest their creative visions. Artists' choices of medium significantly influence the visual, tactile, and conceptual qualities of their artworks. Furthermore, contemporary artists often push the boundaries of traditional mediums by exploring hybrid forms and incorporating new technologies. Understanding the significance of art medium enhances our appreciation for the diverse expressions and the innovative approaches artists employ in their creative endeavors.

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28 Jun 2023

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The Lowbrow art movement, also known as pop surrealism, has emerged as a captivating and distinctive artistic movement that challenges traditional norms and blurs the boundaries between high and low culture. Rooted in the rebellious spirit of underground art scenes, Lowbrow art has gained recognition for its unique characteristics, diverse subject matter, and ability to engage viewers with its whimsical, provocative, and often dark narratives. This article delves into the fascinating world of the Lowbrow art movement, exploring its defining characteristics and its profound impact on contemporary art. Origin of Lowbrow Art The origin of Lowbrow art can be traced back to the 1970s in Southern California, specifically in the Los Angeles area. The movement emerged as a response to the dominant art trends of the time and sought to challenge the elitism and exclusivity of the traditional art world. The term "Lowbrow" itself was coined by artist Robert Williams, who used it to describe his own artistic style. Williams, along with other like-minded artists, felt disconnected from the mainstream art scene, which heavily favored abstract expressionism and minimalism. They found inspiration in underground comics, hot rod culture, and other elements of popular and counter-culture. Robert Williams, claims the copyright on the word "Lowbrow" The influence of underground comics, particularly artists such as Robert Crumb, played a significant role in shaping the aesthetics and subject matter of Lowbrow art. These comics often featured satirical, irreverent, and subversive content that resonated with the countercultural movements of the time. The Lowbrow art movement sought to challenge the elitism and exclusivity of highbrow art by incorporating popular culture, comic books, graffiti, street art, and subcultural elements into its visual vocabulary. Rejecting the notion that art should solely focus on lofty concepts or traditional techniques, Lowbrow artists celebrate the kitsch, the strange, and the marginalized, creating a rich tapestry of visually engaging and accessible works. Purple as an Inexplicable Poetic Force, 2015, oil on canvas, courtesy LSU Museum of Art Characteristics of Lowbrow Art Pop Culture Influence: Lowbrow art draws heavily from popular culture, including comic books, cartoons, science fiction, B-movies, and advertising. It embraces the iconography and symbols of these mediums, using them to tell stories, subvert expectations, and critique societal norms. One prominent characteristic of Lowbrow art is its subversion of traditional artistic norms. By appropriating and recontextualizing pop culture imagery, Lowbrow artists challenge the conventional notions of high art, blurring the line between fine art and popular entertainment. This fusion of high and low culture creates a playful and accessible aesthetic that resonates with a broad audience. Skillful Execution: Though often labeled as "low," the technical proficiency of Lowbrow art is noteworthy. Many Lowbrow artists possess strong foundational skills, blending traditional techniques with contemporary approaches. This fusion allows for highly detailed and imaginative creations that captivate viewers with their level of craftsmanship. Lowbrow art encompasses a wide range of artistic styles and mediums, including painting, sculpture, illustration, and digital art. The artists employ a variety of techniques, such as hyperrealism, surrealism, and cartooning, to bring their visions to life. The meticulous attention to detail and the mastery of various mediums demonstrate the artistic prowess of Lowbrow practitioners. Playful and Whimsical Imagery: Lowbrow art often features surreal, whimsical, and fantastical imagery. Artists freely explore the realm of imagination, creating dreamlike scenarios, anthropomorphized characters, and surreal juxtapositions. This infusion of playful elements injects a sense of wonder and joy into the art, captivating audiences with its otherworldly charm. The whimsical nature of Lowbrow art allows viewers to escape the constraints of reality and enter a world of fantasy and possibility. The imagery is often marked by vibrant colors, exaggerated proportions, and fantastical landscapes, transporting viewers to a realm where anything is possible. Dark and Subversive Undertones: While Lowbrow art embraces the playful, it also delves into the darker aspects of human existence. It explores themes of alienation, social commentary, and the human psyche. Through a blend of humor, satire, and irony, Lowbrow artists invite viewers to confront uncomfortable truths, offering a critique of societal norms and challenging established narratives. Lowbrow art often serves as a platform for social and political commentary, tackling issues such as consumerism, environmental degradation, and cultural stereotypes. It exposes the contradictions and absurdities of contemporary society, encouraging viewers to question the status quo and examine their own beliefs and values. Narrative-driven Artworks: Lowbrow art often tells stories, presenting viewers with intricate narratives and inviting them to interpret the visual tales within the artwork. These narratives can be personal, social, or cultural, provoking thought and sparking conversations around the artwork's underlying themes. Lowbrow artists employ storytelling techniques to engage viewers on a deeper level. The narratives within the artworks may be cryptic, leaving room for individual interpretation and multiple layers of meaning. The stories can be fantastical, symbolic, or even autobiographical, allowing viewers to form personal connections with the art and its themes. Influence and Impact The Lowbrow art movement has had a significant impact on the art world and popular culture. Initially relegated to underground galleries and alternative spaces, Lowbrow art has gained recognition and acceptance in mainstream art institutions. Its unique blend of technical skill, popular culture references, and thought-provoking narratives has resonated with audiences around the world, appealing to both art enthusiasts and those outside the traditional art sphere. Moreover, Lowbrow art has influenced and shaped other contemporary art forms, such as street art, illustration, and graphic design. It has blurred the lines between high and low culture, challenging the notion of what constitutes "legitimate" art. By incorporating elements from subcultures, comics, and street art, Lowbrow has breathed new life into the art scene, fostering creativity, diversity, and inclusivity. Conclusion The Lowbrow art movement, with its distinctive characteristics and diverse subject matter, has carved a unique place for itself in the contemporary art landscape. By embracing popular culture, subverting artistic norms, and incorporating whimsical and dark elements, Lowbrow art captivates viewers and invites them to explore new realms of imagination and thought. Through its playful and accessible aesthetic, Lowbrow art has challenged the elitism of the art world, blurring the boundaries between high and low culture. It has inspired a new generation of artists, encouraging them to break free from traditional artistic conventions and explore their own unique voices. The influence of Lowbrow art extends beyond the boundaries of the art world, permeating popular culture and shaping contemporary visual aesthetics. Its impact can be seen in street art, illustration, graphic design, and even fashion.As the Lowbrow art movement continues to evolve and push artistic boundaries, it serves as a testament to the power of art to challenge, provoke, and inspire. By embracing the unconventional and celebrating the extraordinary in the ordinary, Lowbrow art reminds us of the boundless possibilities of artistic expression and the enduring impact it can have on our society and culture.

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25 Jun 2023

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Art is a vast and diverse realm that encompasses a wide range of styles and movements. Each art style represents a unique approach to creative expression, influenced by historical, cultural, and artistic contexts primarily originating in Europe and later in United States, but had influences and impacts beyond the continent. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore 20 Visual art styles that have shaped the artistic landscape, from ancient to contemporary times. Understanding these styles will deepen your appreciation and knowledge of art history and provide a foundation for exploring the rich tapestry of artistic endeavors. Renaissance Art (14th-17th Centuries): The Renaissance period witnessed a revival of classical ideals and a focus on naturalistic representation. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created works that emphasized proportion, perspective, anatomical accuracy, and a sense of idealized beauty. Renaissance art marked a significant shift from the religious and symbolic art of the Middle Ages. Renaissance art not only transformed the artistic landscape but also had a profound impact on Western culture as a whole. It laid the foundation for future artistic movements and continues to inspire and influence artists to this day. The legacy of Renaissance art serves as a testament to the timeless beauty and enduring power of human creativity. Raphael’s Renaissance masterwork The School of Athens, 1511. Via Musei Vaticani Baroque Art (17th-18th Centuries): Baroque art emerged in the 17th century and was characterized by grandeur, dramatic lighting, and ornate details. Artists such as Caravaggio and Gian Lorenzo Bernini created dynamic compositions that conveyed a sense of movement, emotional intensity, and theatricality. The art of this period often featured dramatic, swirling forms, rich colors, and intricate details. Baroque artists employed techniques such as chiaroscuro to create a sense of depth and dramatic contrast. Religious themes remained prominent, with grandiose depictions of biblical scenes and saints, reflecting the influence of the Catholic Church. Whether in painting, sculpture, or architecture, Baroque art sought to engage the senses, create a sense of awe, and convey the power and majesty of the subjects depicted. The Martyrdom of St Matthew by Caravaggio, 1600, in Contarelli Chapel, Rome Neo-Classicism (Late 18th-Early 19th Century): Neo-Classicism revived the classical ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing harmony, balance, and idealized forms. Artists like Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres drew inspiration from classical mythology, history, and literature, seeking to convey noble and moral themes.Neo-Classical artists idealized the human form, drawing from classical sculpture to portray figures with anatomical accuracy and a sense of idealized beauty. Neo-Classicism represented a return to classical ideals and a rejection of the excesses of the preceding artistic styles. It emphasized order, balance, and rationality, celebrating the timeless beauty of classical art while reflecting the cultural and political climate of its time. Giovanni Paolo Panini, “Ancient Rome,” 1757. Image via Wikimedia Commons. Realism (19th Century): Realism emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against romanticism and sought to depict subjects with accuracy and fidelity to detail. Artists focused on portraying the everyday, mundane aspects of life, often exploring social issues and reflecting the realities of the time. Notable realist painters include Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet. Realism often delved into social issues and political realities, shedding light on the harsh conditions of the working class and critiquing societal norms. Realist artists focused on ordinary people, everyday activities, and common landscapes, highlighting the beauty and significance of the mundane. Realism laid the foundation for subsequent art movements like Impressionism and social realism, influencing the direction of art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Stonebreakers by Gustave Courbet, 1849, via Phaidon Press Impressionism (Late 19th Century): Impressionism revolutionized the art world in the late 19th century. Artists such as Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas sought to capture the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere, using loose brushwork and vibrant colors. Impressionist works often depicted scenes of leisure, landscapes, and urban life. Impressionists explored the changing qualities of light and shadow, capturing the effects of light on different surfaces and objects. Their compositions often featured unconventional framing, cropped viewpoints, and a sense of spontaneity. The advent of photography influenced their compositional choices and encouraged a focus on the immediacy and spontaneity of the moment. Impression Sunrise by Claude Monet in 1872 Pointillism (Late 19th Century): Pointillism, developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, involved the use of small dots or points of pure color to create the illusion of form and depth. The technique relied on the viewer's eye to blend the dots of color optically, resulting in vibrant and luminous paintings. Pointillist artists created their works by applying small dots of pure color to the canvas, which were then blended by the viewer's eye. The juxtaposition of different colored dots produced optical color mixing, creating vibrant and luminous effects. Pointillism was influenced by Impressionism, but it took the exploration of light and color to a more systematic and calculated level. Paul Signac (1863-1935), Capo di Noli, 1898, oil on canvas Art Nouveau (Late 19th-Early 20th Century): Art Nouveau embraced organic forms, flowing lines, and intricate patterns inspired by natural elements. This style influenced various art forms, including painting, architecture, and design. Artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha incorporated curvilinear motifs and stylized representations of flowers, plants, and female figures. Artists embraced new materials like iron, glass, and ceramic, combining traditional craftsmanship with modern techniques. Art Nouveau celebrated beauty, artistic expression, and a departure from historical styles, setting the stage for later modernist movements. Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, 1907 Expressionism (Late 19th-Early 20th Century): Expressionism sought to convey the emotional and psychological aspects of the human experience. Artists like Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Egon Schiele used distorted forms, intense colors, and gestural brushwork to express inner turmoil and explore the darker aspects of the human psyche. Artists employed vigorous and gestural brushwork, emphasizing the raw and spontaneous execution of their artworks. Expressionism sought to delve into the depths of human emotions and explore the complexities of the human condition. The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) Fauvism (Early 20th Century): Fauvism, led by artists such as Henri Matisse and André Derain, emerged in the early 20th century. Fauvist artists used bold, non-naturalistic colors to express emotions and evoke an immediate response. The movement rejected traditional representation and emphasized the use of color as an independent and expressive element. Fauvists embraced spontaneity and freedom in their brushwork, rejecting academic constraints and embracing raw and gestural techniques. They aimed to evoke emotions and convey the artist's subjective experience, rather than objective reality. Artists explored the emotional and symbolic potential of color juxtapositions, experimenting with the interaction of hues. 'The Roofs of Collioure', 1905 by Henri Matisse Dadaism (Early 20th Century): Dadaism emerged during World War I as a reaction against societal conventions and the horrors of war. Artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Hannah Höch employed irony, absurdity, and ready-made objects to challenge established norms and question the nature and purpose of art itself. Dadaists embraced absurdity, irrationality, and nonsensical elements in their artworks, seeking to disrupt established modes of thinking. They incorporated everyday objects and ready-mades into their artworks, questioning the concept of originality and challenging the distinction between art and ordinary objects. Dadaism paved the way for later artistic movements, including Surrealism and Conceptual Art. Fountain, 1917 by Marcel Duchamp (1964 Replica by Tate) Cubism (Early 20th Century): Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, Cubism challenged traditional perspectives by presenting objects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Cubist artworks deconstructed forms into geometric shapes and fragmented planes, emphasizing the two-dimensional nature of the canvas. Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism were two major phases within this movement. They analyzed the subject matter, reducing it to basic geometric forms to explore its essence and underlying structure. They incorporated elements of collage, using materials like newspaper clippings, fabric, and other found objects to add texture and depth to their works. Cubism sought to engage the viewer intellectually, inviting them to interpret and decipher the fragmented forms and multiple perspectives. Glass on table by Georges Braque in 1909 Surrealism (Early 20th Century): Surrealism emerged as a literary and artistic movement in the early 20th century, influenced by the writings of Sigmund Freud. Surrealist artists, including Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst, aimed to unleash the power of the subconscious mind. They created dreamlike and often bizarre compositions, juxtaposing seemingly unrelated elements to provoke emotional and psychological responses. Artists employed techniques like automatic drawing and spontaneous painting to bypass conscious control and access the subconscious. They questioned societal norms and challenged conventional notions of reality, often blending the ordinary with the extraordinary. Surrealists used symbolic motifs, dreamscapes, and strange transformations to evoke a sense of mystery and provoke emotional responses. The Lovers, 1928 By Rene Magritte Abstract Art (20th Century): Abstract art encompasses a wide range of styles that do not attempt to represent recognizable forms or subjects. Artists like Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian sought to convey emotions, ideas, or spiritual concepts through non-representational imagery. Abstract art relies on shapes, colors, lines, and textures to evoke a response from the viewer. Abstract artists used color for its emotive and symbolic qualities, often employing bold and unconventional color choices to evoke mood and provoke responses. Artists employed gestural and expressive brushstrokes, layering paint and creating texture to add depth and visual interest to their works. Abstract art invited viewers to interpret and engage with the artwork based on their own perceptions and emotions, emphasizing individuality. Flying Home No 1 by Bea Garding Schubert Abstract Expressionism (1940s-1950s): Abstract Expressionism marked a shift towards non-representational art and emphasized the expression of emotions and ideas. Artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Mark Rothko used bold brushwork, gestural movements, and vibrant colors to convey intense emotional states. This movement became synonymous with the post-World War II American art scene. IN_ADAPTE 11 2021 by META MARICARMEN HERNANDEZ Pop Art (1950s-1960s): Pop Art emerged as a reaction to the mass consumer culture of the 1950s and 1960s. Artists such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Claes Oldenburg incorporated everyday objects, advertisements, and popular culture references into their works. They employed techniques of reproduction, bold colors, and irony to critique and celebrate the influence of mass media and consumerism. Pop Horizons by Barron Holland Minimalism (1960s-1970s): Minimalism sought to strip art down to its essential elements, often reducing forms to simple geometric shapes and emphasizing clean lines and neutral colors. Artists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, and Agnes Martin rejected personal expression and focused on the purity of form and the viewer's direct experience with the artwork. Photorealism (1960s-1970s): Photorealism aimed to create paintings or drawings that closely resemble high-resolution photographs. Artists such as Chuck Close and Richard Estes employed meticulous attention to detail, precise brushwork, and a focus on capturing everyday scenes and objects with astonishing realism. Trocadero 2021 by AGNES LEFEVRE Graffiti Art (20th-21st Centuries): Graffiti art has its roots in street culture and has evolved into a recognized art form. It encompasses various styles, techniques, and messages. Street artists employ spray paint, stencils, and bold lettering to create public murals, tags, and social commentaries. Banksy and Jean-Michel Basquiat are notable graffiti artists who have gained international recognition. Expectation 2021 by SAUNDRA FLEMING Contemporary Art (Late 20th Century-Present): Contemporary art refers to the art being created in the present time and encompasses a diverse range of styles and approaches. It reflects the current socio-political climate, technological advancements, and cultural shifts. Contemporary artists employ various mediums, techniques, and concepts to challenge conventions, explore new ideas, and engage with the complexities of our modern world. Conclusion: Exploring different visual art styles allows us to appreciate the breadth and depth of human creativity throughout history. Each style represents a unique artistic approach, influenced by historical, cultural, and artistic contexts. From the realism of the 19th century to the contemporary experiments of today, these art styles have shaped the course of art history and continue to inspire and challenge artists and art enthusiasts alike. By delving into these visual art styles, we can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the diverse and dynamic world of art.

RTISTIQ TEAM

18 Jun 2023

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Over several centuries, Art has evolved with various movements and styles shaping its rich history. Two terms that often confuse people are "contemporary art" and "modern art", more in the context that the words Contemporary and Modern are used interchangeably to mean something in-trend now. While these terms may seem interchangeable, they refer to distinct periods and artistic approaches in the world of art. This article will explore the distinction between contemporary and modern art, shedding light on their characteristics, influences, and significance. Modern Art A Historical Breakthrough Modern Art refers to the period of art that emerged in the late 19th century and prevailed until the mid-20th century. It departed from traditional artistic conventions and embraced innovative techniques, materials, and subject matters. Modern artists sought to challenge established norms and explore new ways of representing the world. One crucial characteristic of Modern Art is its emphasis on experimentation and formal innovation. Artists like Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, and Henri Matisse revolutionized art through abstract forms, vibrant colours, and the deconstruction of perspective. They rejected the idea of art solely imitating reality and instead focused on conveying emotional and psychological states. Moreover, modern art was influenced by historical events and societal changes. The impact of World War I, industrialization, and rapid urbanization fueled the desire for artistic expressions that reflected the tumultuous times. Movements such as Cubism, Fauvism, and Surrealism emerged, each with its unique style and thematic focus. Contemporary Art Reflections of the Present In contrast, contemporary art encompasses the artistic practices and expressions of the present time. It emerged in the mid-20th century and continues to evolve as new ideas and technologies emerge. Unlike modern art, Contemporary Art does not adhere to a specific style or movement but embraces diversity and individuality. One defining feature of contemporary art is its inclusivity and openness to various mediums, such as installation, video art, performance, and digital art. Artists like Ai Weiwei, Yayoi Kusama, and Banksy expand the limits of traditional artistic norms and engage with social, political, and cultural issues. Contemporary Art often challenges the viewer's perception, prompting them to question societal norms and ideologies. Another significant characteristic of contemporary art is its global nature. With the advent of technology and globalization, artists have greater access to diverse cultural influences and artistic practices. This has led to a rich tapestry of creative expressions that transcend geographical boundaries and reflect our world's interconnectedness. Conclusion While contemporary art and modern art share a timeline, they are distinct in their approach, style, and influences. Modern Art, emphasizing experimentation and formal innovation, revolutionized the world of Art during the early 20th century. It responded to its time's social and cultural changes and challenged conventional artistic practices. On the other hand, Contemporary Art reflects the artistic expressions of the present moment. It embraces diversity, inclusivity, and new mediums and technologies. Contemporary artists explore a wide range of themes, often engaging with societal issues and pushing the boundaries of traditional art forms. By understanding the differences between Contemporary Art and Modern Art, we can better appreciate the unique contributions of each period and gain a deeper insight into the ever-evolving world of Art. Cover image via Paul Cheng (United States) - Heavy Rain Street

RTISTIQ TEAM

09 Jun 2023

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A traditional Indian folk art form, Mata Ni Pachedi Mata ni Pachedi, also known as Mata ki Chowki, is a traditional Indian folk art form from Gujarat. The term "Mata Ni Pachedi" literally means "behind the goddess" and refers to the cloth hangings or veils that are used to cover the images of Hindu goddesses in the temples of Gujarat. The Art form had grabbed headlines recently after the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted the Pachedi to the Prime Minister of United Kingdom Rishi Sunak, at the G20 Summit at Bali in 2022. History of this incredible textile art The history of Mata Ni Pachedi can be traced back to the 17th century when the Vaghri community of Gujarat first practised it. The Vaghri community used to travel from village to village, setting up makeshift temples and creating these cloth hangings to depict the goddesses. Over time, the art form evolved and became more sophisticated, using natural dyes, intricate patterns, and detailed depictions of the goddesses. The Gujarat Council on Science & Technology (GUJCOST) applied for the GI tag in 2020 on behalf of the craft, and was awarded the esteemed Geographical Indication Tag on the World Intelectual Property Day on the 26th of April 2023. It is speculated that Gujarat, a historically significant location from which foreign rulers had launched invasions of India, was where this art style first emerged. As raids also often destroyed temples, the nomads came up with a way to keep their religion alive and stop invaders from saying bad things about their gods and goddesses: they put pictures of their gods and goddesses on cloth. The Mata ni Pachedi begins with a hard powder dye bath for the fabric. Fermenting a mixture of iron rust plus jaggery takes around 15 to 20 days, yielding a natural black. The mixture is then cooked with tamarind seed flour, kachka, which is called. Maintaining the solution's viscosity prevents any seepage onto the fabric. Within a hundred years or more, the black created by iron rust leads the fabric to start disintegrating, the painting becomes frail, but the colors stay untouched. The use of gold and silver, formerly common, has been abandoned. Alum is used to make red, kattha is used to make orange, mehendi plants are used to make green, and violet is used to make blue. To fix the colors into the fabric, the material is simmered well with thawli blossom after being rinsed in the neighboring Sabarmati River to remove any surplus dye. The colors would not fade regardless of how many times it was washed or dried. It's important for the artist to be cautious while coloring in the tones so they don't bleed into other parts of the picture. Sanjay Chitara, Ten Mother Goddesses, 2022 Even though paintbrushes have replaced bamboo twigs as the tool of choice, bamboo twigs are still often used for making preliminary sketches and outlines. Brushes were traditionally fashioned from the twigs of palm trees. Chewing the twigs would separate the fibers, making them useful for making a brush. For many years, cotton fabric was the only kind that was used, but recently people have started working on cotton silk as well. Each and every piece of fabric is procured from the local marketplaces of Ahmedabad, which is a center for the textile industry. Cotton vividly retains colors, and after being washed, the pigments stick to the fabric even more strongly. Mata ni Pachedi is a beautiful and unique form of Indian folk art. The brightly colored fabrics and intricate designs are eye-catching and vibrant. This type of textile is typically used in ceremonial contexts such as weddings or religious festivals. Mata ni Pachedi fabrics are also thought to have magical powers and are often used as talismans. Sanjay Chitara, Visat Mata, 2022 Today, Mata Ni Pachedi is practiced by a small community of artisans who have inherited the art form from their ancestors. Some of the major artists who have contributed to the development of this art form include: Raja Chitara: He is one of the most well-known artists of Mata Ni Pachedi and has been practising the art form for over 40 years. His work has been exhibited in various museums and galleries around the world. Govardhan Giri: He is another well-known artist who has been practising Mata Ni Pachedi for several decades. His work is known for its intricate detailing and use of natural dyes. Rakesh Bani: A younger artist gaining recognition for his innovative approach to Mata Ni Pachedi. He often incorporates contemporary themes and designs into his work while maintaining the art form's traditional techniques and motifs. Don’t miss out on these fantastic Mata Ni Pachedi Art Forms to collect on RtistiQ from an extraordinary selection of Indian Folk and Tribal Art collection . RtistiQ aims to bring forward these hidden gems to the mainstream in partnership with the families and organisations supporting to maintain the traditions and cultures for our future generation.

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06 Sep 2022

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Unraveling the Cheriyal Scrolls: A Window into India's Artistic History Considered by many as tangible remnants of the art of the famed Vijaynagara period, the Cheriyal scroll paintings have continued in the classical artistic style. For generations, these scrolls have been passed down from one artist to the next, preserving the techniques and aesthetics of a bygone era. A History of Cheriyal Scrolls Telangana's painters are the Nakashis, and the cheriyal scrolls are vital to the region's culture and society. The Cheriyal scrolls' name comes from the fact that their production was centered on the Cheriyal hamlet. Each society has its own set of heroes who are celebrated by the masses, and these heroes were chronicled in the ancient scrolls. Kaki Padagollu, or the community of storytellers and balladeers, considers this art form an integral part of their job. They've put on a performance with music and dancing to accompany these scrolls. A film roll is roughly three feet wide and forty-five feet long, so the manuscripts would be moving like that. The classic scrolls are usually in a vertical orientation, and their storylines are shown in a sequence of horizontal panels. Here, the linear story is shown, held in both hands or hung from a tree, with a flowery border dividing the two panels. And it's rolled all the time, too. Artists have adapted by painting shorter copies of these scrolls, each focusing on a specific scene or a select group of characters from the classic tales. These are perfect for framing and hanging on the walls of contemporary apartments and houses. The use of bright, primary colors and the prominence of the color red in the backdrop are telltale signs that a painting is a Cheriyal. The local artists' boundless creativity shines through in these works. Icons of important deities like Krishna, Shiva, etc., also convey a distinct local idiom in this style of painting. Most of the themes in these scroll paintings come from mythology, classic literature, and folklore. The Krishna Leela, the Mahabharata, the Rama, the Vishnu Puranam, the Markandey Puranam, and the songs and folk legends of the Gauda and the Madiga are among the primary topics. The majority of the story takes place in a rural location and features everyday activities like housework by women and labor in the fields or at a festival by men. The Telugu culture is reflected in the clothing and the locations. The Cheriyal scrolls are a valuable cultural resource that provides insight into the traditional art and history of India. Today, the scrolls are a cherished part of Indian heritage and continue to inspire new generations of artists. D. Vaikuntam, A Village Scene, 2022 D. Vaikuntam, A Village Scene, 2022 Don’t miss out on these fantastic Cheriyal Art Forms to collect as RtistiQ brings to you the Phygital NFT Folk Art auction that will be held between the 15-18th September 2022.

RtistiQ

04 Sep 2022

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Phad Paintings Known to have originated in Shahpura, a town close to Bhilwara in Rajasthan, Phad paintings are intricate theological tales of local gods and goddesses. Shown in a kind of scroll artwork, phad paintings were originally intended as portable temples, these artworks were taken on the road by religious leaders of the Rabari tribe known as Bhopas and Bhopis, who would sing and perform tales about their local deities, Devnarayanji, an incarnation of Krishna, as well as Pabuji. Dating more than 700 years old, phad owes its popularity to this accompanying oral tradition. During the evening, the Phad artwork would be unwrapped or extended in front of the villagers for a performance that would continue into the night. Perhaps this is why the locals gave these paintings the name "Phad," which translates to "fold" in their language. This entire thing would prove to be a fun event for the people living in the hamlet, and it would go on into the night. In some Indian communities, we are still able to see this practice. Phad paintings' characteristics and techniques The Phad artists are known for their intricate artwork. There is no wasted space; the whole canvas is used in the production of the final artwork. Phads have several human figures because they are depictions of ancient myths, which, depending on their status and position, would have different sizes and hues. These are textile paintings. The fabric is treated with a fine paste made from wheat and rice flour that has been boiled in water before being applied and dried in the sun. Afterward, the fabric is rubbed with a Mohra to draw out its silky smoothness and brilliant brightness. A coat of paint may now be applied to the fabric. Phad's dyes come from a wide variety of plant and vegetable extracts and are completely non-toxic. The acrylic look is achieved using earthy tones. Modernization Despite the dedication by Shrilal Joshi, a renowned Phad painter and Padma Shri awardee, as well as his sons to popularizing the original phad painting technique, there are now fewer than ten artists who practice it on a full-time basis. This is a very unfortunate situation. Being a closely-guarded tradition of Phad in its original form is facing the threat of fading away. Under the patronage of his sons, Gopal and Kalyan Joshi, this revival effort expanded, with the rebranding of the school to Chitrashala, in 1990. The majority of those who are interested attend Joshi's art school, which he founded as a hobby. In India, folk art forms do not get nearly enough respect; as a consequence, working in this field does not lead to a financially rewarding career. In today's society, there is an urgent need to foster the dissemination of historically significant creative practices. In addition to being beautiful, art forms like Phad help to keep alive folktales and stories that have been passed down from generation to generation and are part of India's rich culture. Kalyan Joshi, Story of Pabuji, 2022 Don’t miss out on this fantastic Phad Art form to collect as RtistiQ brings to you the Phygital NFT Folk Art auction that will be held between the 15-18th September 2022.

RtistiQ

04 Sep 2022

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It is not every day that one comes across an unassuming personality like Abdul Gafur Khatri, a Padma Shri (4th highest civilian honor) and National Awardee, and realizes that the man is solely responsible for revitalizing 400 years old artform. A renaissance man in every sense of the word, Khatri has been instrumental in keeping the elusive art of Rogan paintings alive. Derived from the Persian word ‘Rogan’, meaning oil, this ancient art form of Rogan paintings originated in Persia four centuries ago and made its way to India via several migrations and displacements. Rogan, a form of surface embellishment and has been practiced for over a hundred years, but now only a single family in the village of Nirona in the Kachchh district of Gujarat has been keeping this exquisite textile art alive. Rogan paintings make use of a special paste made of castor derived from a time-taking process of extracting oil from hand-pounded castor seeds. The oil is heated and cooled in a special vessel and continuously stirred to keep it from burning. The sticky residue obtained after two laborious days of stirring and cooling is called Rogan. Later, colored powder diluted in water is added to this paste, and the different colors derived from this method are then stored in earthen pots with water to prevent them from drying up. The patterns, motifs, and designs are transferred onto the cloth with the use of a kalam - an iron rod, flat at both ends. Interestingly, only one-half of the composition is painted. It is then impressed on the other half of the cloth by pressing the two halves together, creating a flawless mirror image. In the absence of a stencil, tracing, or any pre-decided visual reference, Rogan artmaking is near magical. As several registers of complex and ornate patterns take shape without the kalam ever touching the surface of the cloth, it is the skill of the artist who maneuvers different colors of Rogan and creates a pattern by swirling the colored paste above the cloth. Depending upon the design's details and intricacy, it takes several days for Abdul Gafur Khatri to create a single piece of work. Tree of Life, being the most popular motif in Rogan paintings originated during the Sassanid era in ancient Persia. The tree of life is an emblematic image when it comes to Islamic art and architecture. A biomorphic pattern found in many artistic traditions, the tree of life is a vegetal pattern fanning upwards and outwards and culminates in a lantern-like flower towards the top. In Rogan paintings, we find a stylised tree encased within a floriated arch placed above pillars, with floral roundels bringing the border - this rare artform brings together a unique mix of Persian, Indo-Islamic and Kutchi elements bridging ancient Persia to contemporary India. Abdul Gafur Khatri, Tree of Life, 2022 Uniquely exquisite, the Khatri community mastered Rogan paintings in India, until rapid industrialisation leading to availability of machine-made textiles. When it was brought to India, the Khatri community that had migrated from Sindh took it up and began doing Rogan on the clothes of local animal herders and farming communities. Intricately arranged and delicate in appearance this artform was once a popular choice to embellish bridal trousseau to objects related to ritual paraphernalia. Now, only the Khatri clan led by Abdul Gafur Khatri, remains the last surviving custodians of Rogan painting in the world. Though made famous by unrelenting efforts of Abdul Gafur Khatri, Rogan art remains extraordinarily rare and is on the verge of extinction as there are no other trained Rogan artists apart from Khatri and his siblings in the world. Abdul Gafur Khatri, Tree of Life, 2022 The auction is an attempt to bring back Rogan art in the popular collective memory and an opportunity to collect it as a part of your collection. Don’t miss out on these fantastic Rogan Art Forms to collect as RtistiQ brings to you the Phygital NFT Folk Art auction that will be held between the 15-18th September 2022.

RtistiQ

29 Aug 2022

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