Art Deco Styles: An Iconic Fusion of Elegance and Modernity

When one brings up the topic of Unity in Diversity, India comes up in most of the conversations. This is not an anomaly per-se but India has been an example of different diverse cultures, languages, art forms, religions and a lot more existing in peaceful coexistence with each other within the same geographical boundaries. In a number of ways, these diverse elements fuse together to produce even more new hybrid elements. Keeping these cultural forces in mind India has been home to a number of schools and styles of paintings, which have evolved over a period of time since 1000’s of years, maybe even more. In their original forms these paintings were done mostly on flat surfaces like rock shelters, house walls, floors and murals. It was later that these styles were adapted on various other mediums like ceramics and fabrics. Each major school of painting has a unique story to tell and these paintings help art historians re-construct the past cultures. These paintings depict the past lives of the contemporary people who made them like their daily practices, religious rituals, favorite past times, festivals and many more anecdotes. Warli The earliest evidence of art comes in the form of Prehistoric Art, like one sees at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka. Warli Art derives its origins from this prehistoric art. It is widely prevalent in rural districts of Thane and Nasik and other small parts of Maharashtra. This is a monochromatic art style in which twigs are used with rice paste. Usually white and yellow color on red mud walls is seen on the walls of houses. These paintings depict the everyday life of the village dwellers like their religious rituals, hunting practices and their festivals. In the 1970's, this ritual art took a radical turn when Jivya Soma Mashe and his son Balu Mashe started to paint. They painted not for ritual purposes, but because of their artistic pursuits. Jivya is known as the modern father of Warli painting. Since the 1970s, Warli painting has moved onto paper and canvas. Courtesy: http://godivinity.org/quiz-time-warli-art/ Madhubani This art form has mythical origins. According to a lot of contemporary village based artists who have kept this tradition alive, this painting style originated under the great King Janak of Mithila, which is present day Bihar and regions of Nepal. Till 1934, the outside world was oblivious about this art form. It was British Officer William G. Archer who saw some illustrations on the walls of houses of Bihar that had broken down in an earthquake. This art form uses simple floral, geometric and Indian Mythical designs and illustrations on colorful, symmetrical backdrops. Even today, Madhubani is a very popular folk art form. There are five schools within this art form which are, Bharni, Katchni, Tantric, Godna and Kohbar, which were primarily done by Upper Caste women in India and Nepal. Nowadays the Art Form has received a global outlook, which has made the Art Form go above the Caste System and there is no difference in the style practiced. Madhubani painting received official recognition in 1969 when Sita Devi (Padma Shri) received the State award by Government of Bihar. Jagdamba Devi (Padma Shri) was the first artist from Mithila to receive a National Award in Mithila paintings. Satya Narayan Lal Karn, his wife Moti Karn, Mahasundari Devi (Padma Shri), Baua Devi, Yamuna Devi, Shanti Devi, Chano Devi, Bindeshwari Devi, Chandrakala Devi, Shashi kala Devi, Leela Devi, Godavari Dutta, and Bharti Dayal are the other Madhubani Artists who were adorned by National Awards for their contributions to the Art form. Courtesy: Wikipedia (Kohbar made by artist Padma Shri Sita Devi) Phad This painting style has questionable origins but a lot of scholars are of the opinion that origins of this school of art has its roots with the coming up of Princely States in present day Rajasthan. One can do an approximate dating as this style is only executed on cloth so an educated guess can be around the early medieval period. In this form one comes across horizontal paintings of the lives of Legendary Heroes, Kings and Princes with their wars and other adventures. The most common colors used in this style are red, yellow and orange. It is interesting to see how multiple stories are narrated on a horizontal scroll. Courtesy: Wikipedia (Pabuji Ki Phad, a Phad painting scroll at National Museum, New Delhi) The Joshi families of Bhilwara, Shahpura in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan are widely known as the traditional artists of this folk art-form for the last two centuries. Presently, Shree Lal Joshi, Nand Kishor Joshi, Pradip Mukherjee, Prakash Joshi , Ghanshyam Joshi and Shanti Lal Joshiare the most noted artists of the phad painting, who are known for their innovations and creativity. Kerala Mural Painting Around the same time as the Phad, deep in southern part of the country in Kerala originated a very distinct type of painting style known for its colorful, vivacious and bold strokes. This art form is dated to around 8 th century A.D. so it can actually be put before the Phad in the chronological timeline. This art form developed as a medium of depicting spiritual and religious themes of Shiva, Shakti, Krishna and Mythology. All natural colors are used while executing this art form also known as panchavarna, most common being Ochre-Red, Yellow-Ochre, Bluish Green, Black and White. Courtesy: Yourstory By finding space for mural art outside the temples, it was the late Mammiyur Krishnan Kutty Nair, doyen of modern mural art in Kerala, who gave a new life to it during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Over the past several centuries, the pigments, glues and brushes for the Kerala mural tradition have been derived from natural sources, but now the newer promoters are utilizing modern pigments and colors for the art form Gond Painting This school of painting derives its name from one of the largest, forest dwelling tribal group called the Gonds. The Gonds are found mostly in present day regions of Madhya Pradesh, Vidarbha and Chhatisgarh. This art form is a very unique and intricate style where the painter uses dots and dashes to complete the painting and the painting is executed in such a way that one feels that it is made of straight lines and colors. Lines are used in such a way that it conveys a sense of movement to the still images. In the historic period the colors were naturally extracted from charcoal, cow dung, seed saps and flowers. The Gonds are known for their close affinity with mother nature and hence their paintings mostly depict natural landscapes, wildlife and parts of their stories passed on from generation to generation in the form of Oral Bardic Traditions. Courtesy: Isha Foundation Today, many talented Gond artists' works including Suresh Kumar Dhurve's can be seen on canvases in art galleries internationally. One of the distinctive elements is the use of signature patterns that are used to infill the larger forms on the canvas. Due to the scarcity of natural colors in the current age, Gond artists have started to use poster colors. This combined with the use of canvas has made modern Gond paintings much more vivid than its traditional counter parts. Kalamkari Painting This is one of the most famous art styles of India and it has made a mark in the international art spheres as well thanks to a lot of patronage from people all around the globe. This art style like Madhubani has a very rich antiquity but in material record it appears for the first time on the temple walls of the Sri Kalahasteshwar Temple in Sri Kalahasti, Andhra Pradesh under the Pallava Rulers. Later this temple was further renovated under the Later Cholas and finally new additions like the Gopuram and the thousand pillared hall were made by the famous Vijayanagara Monarch Sri Krishnadevaraya. It was in Sri Kalahasti under the Vijayanagara Patronage that this art form reached its zenith. This painting style started as a temple wall decoration style where themes of mythology and festivities were depicted. Later this art form was adapted on fabric which gave it a huge international market. There are two variants in this style, namely, Srikalahasti and the Machilipatnam style. The Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari, in which the pen or the “kalam” is used for freehand drawing and filling in the colors, is a complete handwork art. Machilipatnam style of Kalamkari craft involves vegetable-dyed block-painting of a fabric. Miniature Paintings During the 10th and 11th Centuries along with the advent of Persian-ate Rule in the Indian Subcontinent a number of Persian-ate elements were introduced by painters from Central Asia like Turks, Persians and Afghans. They introduced what we now call the Miniature Paintings where illustrations are executed from natural stone based colors on paper based ‘wasli’. This painting style reached its zenith under the Mughals and it is known for the intricacy, brush strokes and symbolism. Interesting this painting has affinity with the European Renaissance art in the form of realism that is shown in these paintings. The most common example of these painting style is use of portraits of Kings and Queens to show their heroism and glamour. There are a lot of regional variations of miniature paintings, most common being Kangra, Dakkhani, Mughal, Bundi etc. Tanjore Paintings This style developed in the 1600’s in the state of Thanjavur under the Nayaka Rulers. This art form borrows extensively from the Dakkhani and Maratha miniature painting styles. The most common feature of this school of painting is the use of silver and gold foil. Most common depictions in this art form are scenes from Indian Mythology, Kingly Portraits and scenes of Festivities. Artists have taken this old form of art and over the years combined it with other styles to create mixed media arts. For example, tanjores are also done on mirrors, glass and canvas. The idea of applying gold foil is unique to this traditional art, so this same style is taken and recreated on different mediums. Patachitra This is a late medieval style of painting that originated in present day Odisha. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words patta, meaning canvas, and chitra, meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs, and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction. The patuas or the painters of the patachitras were primarily wandering artists- who would travel from place to place with painted scrolls of various deities. However, in recent times, just as the canvas has taken the shape of papers bought easily from the market many a times, the natural colours are also substituted with easily bought acrylic and fabric paints from the market. Pichwai This form of painting style originated as wall hanging cloth paintings behind the Krishna idols in the Krishna Temples of Nathdwara, Rajasthan. Originally only themes from the Krishna Leela were depicted on cloth but as time went by more secular painting themes were executed on cloth for commercial purposes. These paintings are known for colorful, robust and intricate work with concealed hidden meanings within the symbolism. Kalighat Paintings This painting style finds its origins in the mid – 19 th Century Bengal. It is known as Kalighat because it started in the vicinity of the Kali Temple in Kolkata, where Patuas sat and painted mill-made paper with flowing brushwork using earthy colors like indigo, ochre and red. The major inspiration of these paintings are the scenes from the Mythology and Spiritualism, also known as "Oriental school of Kalighat Painting". Under the influence of British and the art schools promoted by them, the “Occidental school, of Kalighat painting” included pieces that depicted ordinary people engaging in everyday life or captured the changes taking place in Kolkata at the time. These paintings are known for their swift, seamless and free flowing outlines. The late artist Jamini Roy is among some of the most acclaimed painters who have been influenced by the distinctive style. Today, Kalighat paintings appear in museums and galleries across the globe, from the Victoria Memorial Hall in Kolkata to the Naprstek Museum in Prague. Hence, one can see how India is a melting pot where a number of painting styles originated. However, due to Globalization and Industrialization these native folk painting styles are losing their importance and there is a lot of lack of awareness among the current urban middle and affluent class of India, who are mostly exposed to foreign painting and art forms. The Indian Government and a number of NGO’s are trying to spread awareness about these painting styles so that they can be revived. E-Commerce platforms like RtistiQ are trying to take these folk Indian art styles to the International market where these paintings can be sold and hence create a livelihood for the artists and help keep these old traditions alive. Author: Kush Dhebar

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26 Nov 2020

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Over several centuries, Art has evolved with various movements and styles shaping its rich history. Two terms that often confuse people are "contemporary art" and "modern art", more in the context that the words Contemporary and Modern are used interchangeably to mean something in-trend now. While these terms may seem interchangeable, they refer to distinct periods and artistic approaches in the world of art. This article will explore the distinction between contemporary and modern art, shedding light on their characteristics, influences, and significance. Modern Art A Historical Breakthrough Modern Art refers to the period of art that emerged in the late 19th century and prevailed until the mid-20th century. It departed from traditional artistic conventions and embraced innovative techniques, materials, and subject matters. Modern artists sought to challenge established norms and explore new ways of representing the world. One crucial characteristic of Modern Art is its emphasis on experimentation and formal innovation. Artists like Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, and Henri Matisse revolutionized art through abstract forms, vibrant colours, and the deconstruction of perspective. They rejected the idea of art solely imitating reality and instead focused on conveying emotional and psychological states. Moreover, modern art was influenced by historical events and societal changes. The impact of World War I, industrialization, and rapid urbanization fueled the desire for artistic expressions that reflected the tumultuous times. Movements such as Cubism, Fauvism, and Surrealism emerged, each with its unique style and thematic focus. Contemporary Art Reflections of the Present In contrast, contemporary art encompasses the artistic practices and expressions of the present time. It emerged in the mid-20th century and continues to evolve as new ideas and technologies emerge. Unlike modern art, Contemporary Art does not adhere to a specific style or movement but embraces diversity and individuality. One defining feature of contemporary art is its inclusivity and openness to various mediums, such as installation, video art, performance, and digital art. Artists like Ai Weiwei, Yayoi Kusama, and Banksy expand the limits of traditional artistic norms and engage with social, political, and cultural issues. Contemporary Art often challenges the viewer's perception, prompting them to question societal norms and ideologies. Another significant characteristic of contemporary art is its global nature. With the advent of technology and globalization, artists have greater access to diverse cultural influences and artistic practices. This has led to a rich tapestry of creative expressions that transcend geographical boundaries and reflect our world's interconnectedness. Conclusion While contemporary art and modern art share a timeline, they are distinct in their approach, style, and influences. Modern Art, emphasizing experimentation and formal innovation, revolutionized the world of Art during the early 20th century. It responded to its time's social and cultural changes and challenged conventional artistic practices. On the other hand, Contemporary Art reflects the artistic expressions of the present moment. It embraces diversity, inclusivity, and new mediums and technologies. Contemporary artists explore a wide range of themes, often engaging with societal issues and pushing the boundaries of traditional art forms. By understanding the differences between Contemporary Art and Modern Art, we can better appreciate the unique contributions of each period and gain a deeper insight into the ever-evolving world of Art. Cover image via Paul Cheng (United States) - Heavy Rain Street

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09 Jun 2023

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Art is a vast and diverse realm that encompasses a wide range of styles and movements. Each art style represents a unique approach to creative expression, influenced by historical, cultural, and artistic contexts primarily originating in Europe and later in United States, but had influences and impacts beyond the continent. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore 20 Visual art styles that have shaped the artistic landscape, from ancient to contemporary times. Understanding these styles will deepen your appreciation and knowledge of art history and provide a foundation for exploring the rich tapestry of artistic endeavors. Renaissance Art (14th-17th Centuries): The Renaissance period witnessed a revival of classical ideals and a focus on naturalistic representation. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created works that emphasized proportion, perspective, anatomical accuracy, and a sense of idealized beauty. Renaissance art marked a significant shift from the religious and symbolic art of the Middle Ages. Renaissance art not only transformed the artistic landscape but also had a profound impact on Western culture as a whole. It laid the foundation for future artistic movements and continues to inspire and influence artists to this day. The legacy of Renaissance art serves as a testament to the timeless beauty and enduring power of human creativity. Raphael’s Renaissance masterwork The School of Athens, 1511. Via Musei Vaticani Baroque Art (17th-18th Centuries): Baroque art emerged in the 17th century and was characterized by grandeur, dramatic lighting, and ornate details. Artists such as Caravaggio and Gian Lorenzo Bernini created dynamic compositions that conveyed a sense of movement, emotional intensity, and theatricality. The art of this period often featured dramatic, swirling forms, rich colors, and intricate details. Baroque artists employed techniques such as chiaroscuro to create a sense of depth and dramatic contrast. Religious themes remained prominent, with grandiose depictions of biblical scenes and saints, reflecting the influence of the Catholic Church. Whether in painting, sculpture, or architecture, Baroque art sought to engage the senses, create a sense of awe, and convey the power and majesty of the subjects depicted. The Martyrdom of St Matthew by Caravaggio, 1600, in Contarelli Chapel, Rome Neo-Classicism (Late 18th-Early 19th Century): Neo-Classicism revived the classical ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing harmony, balance, and idealized forms. Artists like Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres drew inspiration from classical mythology, history, and literature, seeking to convey noble and moral themes.Neo-Classical artists idealized the human form, drawing from classical sculpture to portray figures with anatomical accuracy and a sense of idealized beauty. Neo-Classicism represented a return to classical ideals and a rejection of the excesses of the preceding artistic styles. It emphasized order, balance, and rationality, celebrating the timeless beauty of classical art while reflecting the cultural and political climate of its time. Giovanni Paolo Panini, “Ancient Rome,” 1757. Image via Wikimedia Commons. Realism (19th Century): Realism emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against romanticism and sought to depict subjects with accuracy and fidelity to detail. Artists focused on portraying the everyday, mundane aspects of life, often exploring social issues and reflecting the realities of the time. Notable realist painters include Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet. Realism often delved into social issues and political realities, shedding light on the harsh conditions of the working class and critiquing societal norms. Realist artists focused on ordinary people, everyday activities, and common landscapes, highlighting the beauty and significance of the mundane. Realism laid the foundation for subsequent art movements like Impressionism and social realism, influencing the direction of art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Stonebreakers by Gustave Courbet, 1849, via Phaidon Press Impressionism (Late 19th Century): Impressionism revolutionized the art world in the late 19th century. Artists such as Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas sought to capture the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere, using loose brushwork and vibrant colors. Impressionist works often depicted scenes of leisure, landscapes, and urban life. Impressionists explored the changing qualities of light and shadow, capturing the effects of light on different surfaces and objects. Their compositions often featured unconventional framing, cropped viewpoints, and a sense of spontaneity. The advent of photography influenced their compositional choices and encouraged a focus on the immediacy and spontaneity of the moment. Impression Sunrise by Claude Monet in 1872 Pointillism (Late 19th Century): Pointillism, developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, involved the use of small dots or points of pure color to create the illusion of form and depth. The technique relied on the viewer's eye to blend the dots of color optically, resulting in vibrant and luminous paintings. Pointillist artists created their works by applying small dots of pure color to the canvas, which were then blended by the viewer's eye. The juxtaposition of different colored dots produced optical color mixing, creating vibrant and luminous effects. Pointillism was influenced by Impressionism, but it took the exploration of light and color to a more systematic and calculated level. Paul Signac (1863-1935), Capo di Noli, 1898, oil on canvas Art Nouveau (Late 19th-Early 20th Century): Art Nouveau embraced organic forms, flowing lines, and intricate patterns inspired by natural elements. This style influenced various art forms, including painting, architecture, and design. Artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha incorporated curvilinear motifs and stylized representations of flowers, plants, and female figures. Artists embraced new materials like iron, glass, and ceramic, combining traditional craftsmanship with modern techniques. Art Nouveau celebrated beauty, artistic expression, and a departure from historical styles, setting the stage for later modernist movements. Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, 1907 Expressionism (Late 19th-Early 20th Century): Expressionism sought to convey the emotional and psychological aspects of the human experience. Artists like Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Egon Schiele used distorted forms, intense colors, and gestural brushwork to express inner turmoil and explore the darker aspects of the human psyche. Artists employed vigorous and gestural brushwork, emphasizing the raw and spontaneous execution of their artworks. Expressionism sought to delve into the depths of human emotions and explore the complexities of the human condition. The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) Fauvism (Early 20th Century): Fauvism, led by artists such as Henri Matisse and André Derain, emerged in the early 20th century. Fauvist artists used bold, non-naturalistic colors to express emotions and evoke an immediate response. The movement rejected traditional representation and emphasized the use of color as an independent and expressive element. Fauvists embraced spontaneity and freedom in their brushwork, rejecting academic constraints and embracing raw and gestural techniques. They aimed to evoke emotions and convey the artist's subjective experience, rather than objective reality. Artists explored the emotional and symbolic potential of color juxtapositions, experimenting with the interaction of hues. 'The Roofs of Collioure', 1905 by Henri Matisse Dadaism (Early 20th Century): Dadaism emerged during World War I as a reaction against societal conventions and the horrors of war. Artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Hannah Höch employed irony, absurdity, and ready-made objects to challenge established norms and question the nature and purpose of art itself. Dadaists embraced absurdity, irrationality, and nonsensical elements in their artworks, seeking to disrupt established modes of thinking. They incorporated everyday objects and ready-mades into their artworks, questioning the concept of originality and challenging the distinction between art and ordinary objects. Dadaism paved the way for later artistic movements, including Surrealism and Conceptual Art. Fountain, 1917 by Marcel Duchamp (1964 Replica by Tate) Cubism (Early 20th Century): Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, Cubism challenged traditional perspectives by presenting objects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Cubist artworks deconstructed forms into geometric shapes and fragmented planes, emphasizing the two-dimensional nature of the canvas. Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism were two major phases within this movement. They analyzed the subject matter, reducing it to basic geometric forms to explore its essence and underlying structure. They incorporated elements of collage, using materials like newspaper clippings, fabric, and other found objects to add texture and depth to their works. Cubism sought to engage the viewer intellectually, inviting them to interpret and decipher the fragmented forms and multiple perspectives. Glass on table by Georges Braque in 1909 Surrealism (Early 20th Century): Surrealism emerged as a literary and artistic movement in the early 20th century, influenced by the writings of Sigmund Freud. Surrealist artists, including Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst, aimed to unleash the power of the subconscious mind. They created dreamlike and often bizarre compositions, juxtaposing seemingly unrelated elements to provoke emotional and psychological responses. Artists employed techniques like automatic drawing and spontaneous painting to bypass conscious control and access the subconscious. They questioned societal norms and challenged conventional notions of reality, often blending the ordinary with the extraordinary. Surrealists used symbolic motifs, dreamscapes, and strange transformations to evoke a sense of mystery and provoke emotional responses. The Lovers, 1928 By Rene Magritte Abstract Art (20th Century): Abstract art encompasses a wide range of styles that do not attempt to represent recognizable forms or subjects. Artists like Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian sought to convey emotions, ideas, or spiritual concepts through non-representational imagery. Abstract art relies on shapes, colors, lines, and textures to evoke a response from the viewer. Abstract artists used color for its emotive and symbolic qualities, often employing bold and unconventional color choices to evoke mood and provoke responses. Artists employed gestural and expressive brushstrokes, layering paint and creating texture to add depth and visual interest to their works. Abstract art invited viewers to interpret and engage with the artwork based on their own perceptions and emotions, emphasizing individuality. Flying Home No 1 by Bea Garding Schubert Abstract Expressionism (1940s-1950s): Abstract Expressionism marked a shift towards non-representational art and emphasized the expression of emotions and ideas. Artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Mark Rothko used bold brushwork, gestural movements, and vibrant colors to convey intense emotional states. This movement became synonymous with the post-World War II American art scene. IN_ADAPTE 11 2021 by META MARICARMEN HERNANDEZ Pop Art (1950s-1960s): Pop Art emerged as a reaction to the mass consumer culture of the 1950s and 1960s. Artists such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Claes Oldenburg incorporated everyday objects, advertisements, and popular culture references into their works. They employed techniques of reproduction, bold colors, and irony to critique and celebrate the influence of mass media and consumerism. Pop Horizons by Barron Holland Minimalism (1960s-1970s): Minimalism sought to strip art down to its essential elements, often reducing forms to simple geometric shapes and emphasizing clean lines and neutral colors. Artists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, and Agnes Martin rejected personal expression and focused on the purity of form and the viewer's direct experience with the artwork. Photorealism (1960s-1970s): Photorealism aimed to create paintings or drawings that closely resemble high-resolution photographs. Artists such as Chuck Close and Richard Estes employed meticulous attention to detail, precise brushwork, and a focus on capturing everyday scenes and objects with astonishing realism. Trocadero 2021 by AGNES LEFEVRE Graffiti Art (20th-21st Centuries): Graffiti art has its roots in street culture and has evolved into a recognized art form. It encompasses various styles, techniques, and messages. Street artists employ spray paint, stencils, and bold lettering to create public murals, tags, and social commentaries. Banksy and Jean-Michel Basquiat are notable graffiti artists who have gained international recognition. Expectation 2021 by SAUNDRA FLEMING Contemporary Art (Late 20th Century-Present): Contemporary art refers to the art being created in the present time and encompasses a diverse range of styles and approaches. It reflects the current socio-political climate, technological advancements, and cultural shifts. Contemporary artists employ various mediums, techniques, and concepts to challenge conventions, explore new ideas, and engage with the complexities of our modern world. Conclusion: Exploring different visual art styles allows us to appreciate the breadth and depth of human creativity throughout history. Each style represents a unique artistic approach, influenced by historical, cultural, and artistic contexts. From the realism of the 19th century to the contemporary experiments of today, these art styles have shaped the course of art history and continue to inspire and challenge artists and art enthusiasts alike. By delving into these visual art styles, we can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the diverse and dynamic world of art.

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18 Jun 2023

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Art Deco is a prominent design style that emerged in the 1920s and flourished until the outbreak of World War II. Characterized by its luxurious materials, geometric forms, and streamlined aesthetic, Art Deco became a symbol of glamour and sophistication during the interwar period. This design movement impacted various visual arts, architecture, fashion, and interior design aspects. This article will delve into the captivating world of Art Deco styles, exploring its origins, key characteristics, influential artists and architects, and its lasting legacy. Origins and Influences Art Deco drew inspiration from various sources, blending elements from different cultures, historical periods, and artistic movements. The style's name derives from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris, where it was first showcased. However, its roots can be traced back to the early 20th century, influenced by the avant-garde art movements of the time, such as Cubism and Fauvism. One of the significant influences on Art Deco was the discovery of King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, which sparked a craze for Egyptian motifs and symbolism. This fascination with ancient Egypt led to incorporation of pyramids, sphinxes, hieroglyphics, and other Egyptian-inspired motifs into Art Deco designs. Additionally, the style's streamlined forms and angular geometry were influenced by the emerging field of industrial design and the aesthetic of machines. Key Characteristics Art Deco is characterized by distinct visual features that make it instantly recognizable. Here are some key characteristics of Art Deco styles: Geometric Shapes: Art Deco embraces geometric shapes, such as zigzags, chevrons, triangles, and stepped forms. These shapes are often used to create dynamic, visually striking compositions. Streamlined Silhouettes: Inspired by the sleek lines of modern technology and transportation, Art Deco features streamlined, aerodynamic silhouettes. These can be seen in the period's buildings, furniture, and even fashion designs. Luxurious Materials: Art Deco celebrates luxury and opulence, employing exotic woods, marble, chrome, glass, and precious metals like gold and silver. These lavish materials contribute to the overall sense of elegance associated with the style. Decorative Elements: Art Deco designs often incorporate elaborate decorative elements, such as sunbursts, stylized floral motifs, and geometric patterns. These decorative details add a touch of sophistication to the overall composition. Bold Colors: Art Deco embraces bold, contrasting colour schemes. Vivid hues like royal blue, emerald green, ruby red, and vibrant yellow are frequently used to create a visually striking impact. Sunburst Motifs: The sunburst motif, symbolizing energy and optimism, is a recurring theme in Art Deco designs. It is often represented as a radiating pattern of geometric lines or a stylized sun. Influential Artists and Architects Numerous artists and architects played significant roles in shaping and popularizing Art Deco styles. Here are a few key figures: Tamara de Lempicka: A prominent Art Deco painter, de Lempicka's works epitomize the style's elegance and glamour. Her portraits often featured fashionable, confident women in luxurious settings. Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann: Ruhlmann was a renowned French furniture designer who created exquisite Art Deco pieces. His furniture designs combined luxurious materials with precise craftsmanship and sleek silhouettes. Erté: A Russian-born artist and designer, Erté was renowned for his extravagant fashion illustrations and costume designs. His work showcased the epitome of Art Deco elegance and sophistication. Raymond Hood: An influential architect, Hood's designs include the iconic Rockefeller Center in New York City. He incorporated Art Deco elements into the skyscraper's design, contributing to the style's popularity in the United States. Clarice Cliff: A British ceramic artist, Cliff revolutionized the pottery industry with her bold and colourful Art Deco designs. Her pottery pieces featured geometric patterns and vibrant glazes. Legacy and Modern Interpretations Although the heyday of Art Deco was in the early 20th century, its influence and appeal continue to resonate in modern design. Art Deco elements can be found in contemporary architecture, interior design, and fashion. In architecture, buildings like the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Napier Municipal Theatre in New Zealand exemplify the enduring impact of Art Deco. These structures continue to captivate audiences with their sleek lines, decorative details, and innovative use of materials. In interior design, Art Deco-inspired furniture and decor remain highly sought after. The style's emphasis on luxury and glamour translates well into modern homes, with its sleek lines and geometric patterns adding a touch of sophistication to any space. Art Deco influences can be seen in the designs of many contemporary fashion houses. The use of bold colours, geometric patterns, and luxurious materials harkens back to the elegance and allure of the Art Deco era. Conclusion Art Deco styles represent a fascinating fusion of elegance and modernity. Emerging in the 1920s, this design movement embraced geometric shapes, luxurious materials, and bold colours. Its influence extended to various artistic fields, leaving an indelible mark on architecture, interior design, fashion, and more. With its timeless appeal, Art Deco continues to captivate audiences and inspire contemporary design. The legacy of this iconic style serves as a testament to its enduring popularity and artistic significance.

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16 Jul 2023

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Pop Art emerged as a vibrant and influential artistic movement in the mid-1950s, challenging traditional notions of art and embracing the popular culture of the time. With its bold imagery, vibrant colors, and incorporation of everyday objects, Pop Art brought art closer to the masses. This article explores the definition, key characteristics, notable artists, and lasting impact of Pop Art on the art world and popular culture. What is Pop Art? Pop Art, short for "popular art," was a movement that emerged in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s. It was a reaction against the dominant abstract expressionist movement, which focused on subjective, introspective, and non-representational art. Pop Art, on the other hand, celebrated the ordinary, the commercial, and the mundane, drawing inspiration from mass-produced consumer goods, advertising, and popular culture. What are the characteristics of Pop Art? Appropriation and Repetition: Pop Art often incorporated images and objects taken from popular culture, such as product packaging, comic books, and celebrities. Artists manipulated and repeated these images to highlight their significance and challenge the concept of originality. Bold Colors and Simplified Forms: Pop artists used vibrant, eye-catching colors to attract attention and evoke a sense of consumerism. They simplified forms and employed graphic techniques, reminiscent of advertising and comic book aesthetics. Irony and Critique: Pop Art often conveyed a sense of irony and critique by juxtaposing disparate elements, subverting traditional art forms, and challenging societal norms. It questioned the boundaries between high and low culture, art and mass production, and the commercialization of society. Leading Artists of the Pop Art Movement Andy Warhol: One of the most iconic figures associated with Pop Art, Warhol employed screen-printing techniques to reproduce everyday objects, such as Campbell's soup cans and Coca-Cola bottles. His work explored themes of consumerism, fame, and the cult of celebrity. Roy Lichtenstein: Lichtenstein is renowned for his comic book-inspired paintings, featuring bold lines, Ben-Day dots, and speech bubbles. By appropriating and enlarging comic strip panels, he elevated popular culture to the realm of high art. Claes Oldenburg: Oldenburg's sculptures took ordinary objects and transformed them into monumental works of art. His oversized sculptures of hamburgers, typewriters, and clothespins challenged the viewer's perception of scale and materiality. Richard Hamilton: Considered the father of British Pop Art, Hamilton explored the relationship between art and technology. His collage-like works incorporated images from advertising, cinema, and popular magazines, reflecting the media-saturated society. Impact and Legacy Pop Art's influence extends far beyond its initial emergence in the 1960s. Its vibrant and accessible style has had a lasting impact on contemporary art, design, fashion, and popular culture. Pop Art paved the way for subsequent art movements such as Neo-Pop, Street Art, and the appropriation art of the 1980s. It blurred the boundaries between high and low art, challenged the traditional notions of artistic value, and emphasized the democratization of art. Concluding Remarks Pop Art revolutionized the art world by breaking away from the abstract and introspective tendencies of the time. It celebrated the everyday, the commercial, and the popular culture, making art more accessible to a wider audience. Through its use of appropriation, bold colors, and irony, Pop Art continues to captivate and inspire, leaving an indelible mark on contemporary art and popular culture.

RTISTIQ TEAM

01 Jul 2023

5 min to read

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Art is a vast and diverse realm that encompasses a wide range of creative expressions. Within this realm, the concept of "Art Medium" holds a crucial role, serving as the bridge between artistic intent and tangible creation. The medium that an artist chooses to work with can have a significant impact on the style and meaning of the artwork. For example, a painting made with oil paints will have a different look and feel than a painting made with watercolors. In the context of Art attribution "Art Medium" has been used interchangeably to refer both the category of artwork and the materials used to bring forth an artist's vision. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of art medium, exploring its dual significance in the world of art. Art Medium as a Category of Art In its first sense, an art medium represents the various categories or disciplines within the field of art. Each medium possesses distinct characteristics, techniques, and artistic approaches. Let's explore some of the prominent art mediums: Painting: Painting is a traditional and widely recognized medium that employs pigments on surfaces such as canvas, paper, or wood. It encompasses various styles like oil painting, watercolor, acrylics, and mixed media, each offering unique visual qualities and expressive possibilities. Painting, Pop Horizon by Barron Holand Sculpture: Sculpture involves shaping and manipulating materials such as stone, wood, metal, clay, or even found objects. Artists create three-dimensional forms that can range from classical figurative representations to abstract and conceptual installations. Sculpture, S-04 BIG FOOT by Aleks Rosenberg Drawing: Drawing is a fundamental art medium that employs pencils, pens, charcoal, or other tools to create two-dimensional representations. It encompasses techniques like sketching, shading, and hatching, allowing artists to convey ideas, explore compositions, and develop their artistic skills. Drawing, Dancer in Red by NK Hong Photography: Photography born from the marriage of science and art, captures moments through the lens of a camera. It employs light-sensitive materials and digital technologies to immortalize scenes, people, and emotions, providing a unique perspective on the world. Photography, La grève Je T'aime by Gudzovsky Printmaking: Printmaking encompasses various techniques such as etching, lithography, screen printing, and relief printing. Artists create multiple copies of their artworks, each possessing its own subtle variations, by transferring images onto paper or other surfaces. Ceramics: Ceramics involves working with clay, shaping it into objects, and firing them in kilns to achieve hardness and permanence. This ancient medium encompasses functional pottery, decorative vessels, sculptures, and intricate porcelain works. Textiles: Textile art employs fabrics, threads, and fibers to create tactile and visually engaging works. It includes techniques like weaving, embroidery, quilting, and textile installations, exploring themes of culture, identity, and materiality. Installation and Performance Art:: These mediums go beyond traditional forms, embracing immersive experiences and the participation of the audience. Artists use various materials, space, sound, and movement to create site-specific installations or enact performances that challenge the boundaries of art. Digital NFT: Very recently Digital NFT is being regarded as an art medium, and more importantly revolutionising Digital Art representation. Utilizing blockchain technology, NFTs represent unique digital assets, such as artwork, music, or videos, providing a secure and verifiable link between the digital file and ownership rights. Art Medium as Material Used in Art Creation In the alternate context, an art medium refers to the specific materials and tools employed by artists to bring their artistic visions to life. The choice of medium significantly influences the aesthetic outcome and the creative process itself. Artists often use it to describe how they created their artwork, which gives a sense of how it needs to be viewed as well. For e.g. Oil paintings ( referenced as "Oil on Canvas") are best observed from a distance to get a more clearer understanding and the depth of the Art. Again depending on the Category of work there are different materials used to fulfill the Artistic vision of the creator. Here are some examples of art mediums in the context of Material Used Paints: Artists use various types of paints, including oil paints, watercolors, acrylics, and gouache, each with its own characteristics and techniques. These pigments, when combined with binders, allow artists to manipulate color, texture, and opacity on different surfaces. A combination of the paint type and the support used form the Medium used for the artwork, for e.g. Oil on Canvas, Gouache on paper, Acrylic on Linen etc... Drawing Tools: Pencils, pens, charcoal, markers, and pastels are all examples of drawing tools that artists employ. These tools vary in hardness, texture, and line quality, enabling artists to create intricate details or bold, expressive strokes. Sculpting Materials: Sculptors utilize a plethora of materials such as stone, wood, metal, clay, plastic, and even unconventional materials like ice or food. Each material offers its unique qualities, texture, and potential for manipulation. Cameras and Photographic Equipment: With the advent of photography, cameras and photographic equipment became vital art mediums. Film cameras, digital cameras, lenses, lighting equipment, and photo-editing software all contribute to the creation of photographic art. Printmaking Supplies: Printmaking relies on materials like printing plates, inks, brayers, and printing presses. These tools facilitate the transfer of images from the plate to the chosen substrate, resulting in distinct prints with their own visual characteristics. Clay and Kilns: Ceramics artists employ different types of clay, glazes, and firing techniques to shape and fire their creations. The firing process in kilns transforms the raw materials into durable and visually captivating ceramic pieces. Fabrics and Threads: Textile artists utilize a wide range of fabrics, threads, dyes, and surface design techniques to create intricate tapestries, clothing, quilts, or fiber-based sculptures. The choice of fabric and the application of techniques contribute to the overall visual and tactile impact of the artwork. The Importance of Art Medium The medium that an artist chooses to work with can have a significant impact on the style and meaning of the artwork. For example, a painting made with oil paints will have a different look and feel than a painting made with watercolors. The medium can also affect the way that the viewer interacts with the artwork, an example being, a sculpture that is made from metal will feel different to the touch than a sculpture that is made from wood. The art medium is of utmost importance in the representation of art as it influences the aesthetics, technical possibilities, symbolic significance, and cultural context of an artwork. It allows artists to express their vision, engage viewers, and communicate their intended messages effectively. The careful consideration and deliberate selection of the art medium contribute to the overall artistic expression and impact of the artwork.Different art mediums have evolved throughout history and across cultures, reflecting the societal and historical context in which they originated. The selection of a particular medium can evoke associations and references to specific art movements, traditions, or periods. The Future of Art Mediums The art world is constantly evolving, and new art mediums are being developed all the time. For example, digital art is becoming increasingly popular, as artists use computers and other digital tools to create their work. It is impossible to predict what the future holds for art mediums. However, it is likely that new art mediums will continue to be developed, and that artists will continue to experiment with different materials and techniques. It's important to note that the future of art mediums will be shaped by the creativity and experimentation of artists themselves, as they continue to push boundaries, embrace new technologies, and explore innovative approaches to art-making. The possibilities are vast, and the future of art mediums for visual artists holds exciting potential for artistic expression and engagement with audiences. Digital, Augmented and Virtual Realities, Mixed Media, Eco-Friendly Materials, BioArt and Living Materials, all are being explored, included and evolved for Artists to continously push the boundaries of their creative abilities to produce thought provoking artworks. Conclusion In the realm of art, the term "art medium" embraces a dual meaning. It encompasses both the categorization of art forms and the materials employed by artists. The category of art medium reflects the different disciplines and techniques artists employ to create their work, while the material aspect highlights the tangible tools and substances used to manifest their creative visions. Artists' choices of medium significantly influence the visual, tactile, and conceptual qualities of their artworks. Furthermore, contemporary artists often push the boundaries of traditional mediums by exploring hybrid forms and incorporating new technologies. Understanding the significance of art medium enhances our appreciation for the diverse expressions and the innovative approaches artists employ in their creative endeavors.

RTISTIQ TEAM

28 Jun 2023

5 min to read

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